Chapter 19 details China's complex relationship with Taiwan. I'm very tired and wasn't much for the details this time around, but I hope I understand the general idea. Under loose control during the time of dynasties, the island was easily capture by Japan and was occupied until the end of the Second World War. With Japan out of the picture, China's civil war between Communists and other parties eventually led to the Kuomintang party seeking refuge in Taiwan.
Because most of the Western world refused to recognize the People's Republic at first, Taiwan was officially recognized with what amounts to refugees representing China. Through negotiations during the Nixon administration that I didn't understand, the West recognized the two as one entity, but there were still internal conflicts on Taiwan's independence. Today, Taiwan serves as an experimental island, with much more democratic elections than China. I'm not sure of the relationship between the two (does China still rule Taiwan, or is it more open?), but there are several political parties in Taiwan that argue over the unification/independence issue.
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